- Overthrew Cyrus' son, Cambyses, and established himself as king of Persia
- He wished to follow in the footsteps of Cyrus and Cambyses and increase Persia's domains
- Europe became an attractive target. He sent expeditions to scout Greece and Italy
- In 513 BC he crossed the Bosphorus into Europe, quickly subduing Thrace, north of Greece
- He also set up tyrants in the Ionian cities who would rule as puppet kings for Persia
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